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　Mercury

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介绍 : Liquid: As a metal, mercury is strangely liquid at room temperature. The theory of relativistic contraction can provide an explanation for this unusual phenomenon. Similar to gold, the contraction and stabilization of the 6s orbitals in mercury results in an effect known as the "inert electron pair" effect: the 6s2 shell of mercury becomes inert during bonding. It can be seen that the 6s26p excitation energy of mercury far exceeds the corresponding excitation energy of cadmium and zinc. According to the general periodic law, the energy interval should decrease with the increase of the principal quantum number. Therefore, the energy interval from zinc to cadmium decreases as expected, while the energy interval from cadmium to mercury increases sharply. Here again it is the relativistic contraction effect that stabilised the fully filled 6s2 shell, resulting in a sharp increase in the 6s26p energy interval of mercury. As long as the required excitation energy is not available, strong bonds cannot be formed between mercury atoms with an inert 6s2 shell. The ground state Hg2 is only maintained by van der Waals forces, so metallic mercury is liquid at room temperature.
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